Citizenship in Costa Rica

Naturalisation timelines, tests, and dual nationality

Seven years of legal residency for most nationalities, five for citizens of Spain and Latin American countries, and two for spouses of Costa Ricans. Spanish language and civics exams are required, and dual citizenship is permitted.

The process

Naturalisation is handled by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal rather than the migration authority. You file with proof of residency, evidence of integration and good conduct, and sit the examinations. Processing has historically been slow and applicants should expect the file to take a substantial time after submission.

Time spent as a temporary resident counts, so the pensionado who converts to permanent residency at three years reaches naturalisation at seven from the original grant.

The exams

There is a Spanish assessment and a test on Costa Rican history, geography and civic values, based on published study material. Applicants over a defined age and those who completed Costa Rican schooling may be exempt.

Unlike the residency process, this stage genuinely requires functional Spanish.

Why bother

• The Costa Rican passport has strong visa-free access, including the Schengen area.
• Citizenship removes the annual entry and renewal obligations attached to residency.
• Costa Rican citizens cannot be denied entry or have status withdrawn if rules change.
• Costa Rica permits dual nationality, so the decision costs you nothing you already hold.

Official sources

• Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones — naturalisation

Checked against these pages in September 2026. Fees and processing times change without notice — confirm before you act.

More on Costa Rica